2012/12/07

FREE WOMEN IN AFRIQUE









We do something unique to give you a better understanding of who directly benefits from your dog collar purchase. On each collar is a small mark or initial. Find that mark and then click on it and you can meet the maker of your dog collar and read her story!
Not only do the women who make the collars benefit (they are paid for every collar they make) but a majority share of profits goes back to the village community where it will be shared to pay school fees so that the children can go to school, as well as allowing the village to buy cows, sheep and goats and provide necessities for daily life.
The proceeds will also allow the village to make long term investments for such things as purchasing a well (currently the women of the village walk over 15km/12miles everyday to obtain water) and create a bio-fuel project to use cow dung for fuel instead of the smoky fires which will help prevent respiratory diseases and early age impaired vision caused by smoke (as well as preventing villagers from being chased by elephants when going out to gather firewood).



Horn of Africa: How can the region be better prepared for recurrent drought?

There is an urgent need to learn the lessons from Ethiopia and to build resilience in the region to enable it to cope with the severe drought it faces every few years
MDG : Turkana women and children wait to receive relief food supplies near the Kakuma refugee camp
Women and children wait to receive food supplies near the Kakuma refugee camp, northwest of Nairobi. The UN estimates that 11 million people need urgent assistance to stay alive. Photograph: Kabir Dhanji /Reuters
The Horn of Africa is facing a humanitarian catastrophe from the worst drought in 60 years. The UN estimates that more than 11 million people need urgent assistance to stay alive. The region has faced droughts every few years, and each time they have set back progress on reducing poverty, disrupted food production systems and jeopardised the lives of millions of people. The sharp rise in food prices this year makes the situation worse. The severity of the drought and its ominous link to climate change this time around deepen the concern over the current devastation.
Immediate relief and recovery is, of course, the urgent priority in a calamity. But the recurrent nature of the crisis, especially in the face of climate change, also highlights the need to build resilience – in two ways. First, by supporting the development of reliable early warning systems and of flexible social safety nets to protect the most vulnerable groups is one. Second, by strengthening agricultural and agribusiness systems by improving farmers' access to drought-resistant varieties of crops, improved rainwater-harvesting technologies and information from weather-forecasting systems, while continuing to increase investment in irrigation development is the other.
On social safety nets, it is important to look at the emerging work and lessons from Ethiopia's experience. Since the famine of 1984, Ethiopia had issued an appeal for humanitarian assistance every year. Following the drought in 2003, the government established the New Coalition for Food Security and sought a new approach to deal with food insecurity. The approach recognised that issuing annual emergency appeals was unsustainable and did not secure timely delivery of food to drought victims.
The Ethiopian government established the Productive Safety Net Programme in 2005. PSNP, a collaborative effort between the Ethiopian government and development partners, aimed to provide transfers to people in chronically food-insecure areas and structured to prevent asset-depletion for households and create additional assets for communities. An impact evaluation in 2008, right after a significant drought, found that PSNP beneficiaries were more likely to be food secure, to borrow for productive purposes, to use improved agricultural technologies, and to operate non-farm-related business activities. PSNP also prevented beneficiary households from sliding deeper into poverty and selling household assets.
One of the strong points of PSNP has been its flexibility. Initially designed to address regular shocks in rural areas, the programme expanded to create options for two different types of poor – those with the potential to move out of poverty and those who face chronic challenges. Another aspect of PSNP was setting up contingency funds that would allow the government to take swift action during food shortages. The drought risk financing (DRF) mechanism, which considers a rainfall-based index, allows scaling up of disbursements and providing rapid support to households. The DRF was activated in 2008 and in 2009 to respond to food-related shocks, and is scheduled to come into effect again in September to mitigate the effects of the current food shortages in the region.


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PHOTO DU JOUR






UNE ANGE PEUT DEVNIR UNE FEMME



















 man  kil man why in 2012 ..................







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  for evry bady i say happy new year2013




MOROCO COP 22


200 pays sont convenus à Doha de prolonger l'accord de Kyoto pour protéger l'environnement jusqu'en
 2020                                    

200                    
 دولة تتفق في الدوحة على تمديد العمل باتفاق كيوتو لحماية البيئة حتى عام 2020
200 countries agreed in Doha to extend the Kyoto agreement to protect the environment until 2020.



Le Centre International de Conférences de Kyoto est un endroit hautement symbolique puisque c’est là qu’a été signé en 1997 le protocole de Kyoto pour la réduction des gaz à effet de serre.
 

le débat sur l'énergie nucléaire est centré uniquement sur l'énergie nucléaire,




Nuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship by a nuclear reactor. Naval nuclear propulsion is propulsion that specifically refers to naval warships (see Nuclear navy). Only a very few experimental civil nuclear ships have been built; the elimination of fossil fuel has not outweighed the technical, economic and political difficulties of this application
le

Tu connais quoi au transport maritime pour oser prétendre par bateau a propultion nucleaire 


Que pensez-vous qu'au lieu de prendre le nucleaire nous prenions une synthese des principales sources d'emmission de gaz et des moyens de les reduire. Par explemple l'electricite actuelle produite dans le monde 30% des g.e.s., remplacer ces emissions par d'autres moyens de production comme le nucleaire ou le solaire ...etc permettrait de reduite donc de 30% les gaz. Le chauffage produit tant et tant de ges et remplacer les source de chauffage par d'autre comme le chauffauge solaire, bois ou electrique ...etc permttrait de reduire de tant. La plantation de d'arbre permettrait d'absorber de tant de ges. Donc a chaque secteurs precisez les contributions au ges et presenter les moyen de les reduires, si possible. Par ex. il n'est pas possible de produire du kerosene a partir de la biomasse donc on pourrait dire que la possibilite de reduction pour le transport aerien est tres faible. Qu'en pensez-vous ?

 on ne peus pas  oublier




RankHurricaneSeasonDamages
1Katrina20057011108000000000000$108 billion
2Sandy20127010500000000000000$50 billion
3Ike20087010295200000000000$29.5 billion
4Andrew19927010265000000000000$26.5 billion
5Wilma20057010206000000000000$20.6 billion
6Ivan20047010188200000000000$18.8 billion
7Irene20117010156000000000000$15.6 billion
8Charley20047010151130000000000$15.1 billion
9Rita20057010120370000000000$12 billion
10Frances20047009950700000000000$9.51 billion
Source: NOAA[
The economic effects of the storm were far-reaching. The Bush Administration sought $105 billion for repairs and reconstruction in the region,[78] which did not account for damage to the economy caused by potential interruption of the oil supply, destruction of the Gulf Coast's highway infrastructure, and exports of commodities such as grain. Katrina damaged or destroyed 30 oil platforms and caused the closure of nine refineries;[39] the total shut-in oil production from the Gulf of Mexico in the six-month period following Katrina was approximately 24% of the annual production and the shut-in gas production for the same period was about 18%

Poll: Bush Not Taking Brunt of Katrina Criticism


Americans are broadly critical of government preparedness in the Hurricane Katrina disaster -- but far fewer take George W. Bush personally to task for the problems, and public anger about the response is less widespread than some critics would suggest.

Sampling, data collection and tabulation for this poll were done by TNS.

In an event that clearly has gripped the nation -- 91 percent of Americans are paying close attention -- hopefulness far outweighs discontent about the slow-starting rescue. And as in so many politically charged issues in this country, partisanship holds great sway in views of the president's performance.

The most critical views cross jurisdictions: Two-thirds in this ABC News/Washington Post poll say the federal government should have been better prepared to deal with a storm this size, and three-quarters say state and local governments in the affected areas likewise were insufficiently prepared.

Other evaluations are divided. Forty-six percent of Americans approve of Bush's handling of the crisis, while 47 percent disapprove. That compares poorly with Bush's 91 percent approval rating for his performance in the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, but it's far from the broad discontent expressed by critics of the initial days of the hurricane response. (It also almost exactly matches Bush's overall job approval rating, 45 percent, in an ABC/Post poll a week ago.)


Views of Hurricane Response
YesNo
Federal government adequately prepared?31%67%
State/local government adequately prepared?2475
Blame Bush?4455

Similarly, 48 percent give a positive rating to the federal government's response overall, compared with 51 percent who rate it negatively -- another split view, not a broadly critical one.

When it gets to specifics, however, most ratings are worse: Majorities ranging from 56 percent to 79 percent express criticism of federal efforts at delivering food and water, evacuating displaced people, controlling looting and (especially) dealing with the price of gasoline. In just one specific area -- conducting search and rescue operations -- most, 58 percent, give the government positive marks.


Rating the Government's Handling of...
PositiveNegative
Situation overall48%51%
Gas prices2079
Looting2671
Evacuations3859
Food, water needs4356
Search, rescue5839

Partisanship, as noted, plays a huge role: Nearly three-quarters of Republicans approve of the president's performance, and two-thirds rate the government's overall response positively. About seven in 10 Democrats take the opposite view on both scores.


Bush's Response to Katrina
ApproveDisapprove
All46%47%
Democrats1771
Independents4448
Republicans7422


Most Americans, 55 percent, also say Bush does not deserve a significant level of personal blame for problems in the federal response to the crisis. And while 44 percent do assign him blame, only about half of them, 23 percent overall, blame him "a great deal."

Some of these views seem to take into account the magnitude of the natural disaster: Forty-four percent say the situation shows serious problems in the federal government's emergency preparedness overall, but more, 54 percent, instead say that this particular disaster was a special case. Republicans, in particular, take the latter position


L'ouragan Katrina, de la saison cyclonique 2005 dans l'océan Atlantique .... de Louisiane et sur les 853 victimes rendues à leurs famille



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C’est aujourd’hui une évidence, confirmée par tous les experts : la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique doit devenir une priorité pour tous. Pour relever ce défi, il est capital que nous réduisions massivement nos émissions de Co2.
C’est un choix aujourd’hui possible pour tous : États et collectivités locales, entreprises et associations mais aussi chacun d’entre nous dans sa vie quotidienne… Toutes les actions comptent pour résoudre cette nouvelle équation.
A l'heure des choix, c'est à nous tous, chacun à son niveau, de devenir acteurs de la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique, pour inventer l'énergie de demain et offrir le meilleur mode de vie possible aux générations futures. De son côté, EDF s'inscrit depuis de nombreuses années dans cette dynamique grâce à un parc de production associant principalement énergies hydraulique et nucléaire, peu émettrices de Co2. L'engagement du groupe dans cette voie se confirme aujourd'hui avec le développement des énergies renouvelables et son action en faveur des économies d'énergie.
Lorsque l'on évoque les changements de l'environnement global, il est fréquemment fait référence dans les medias et dans le public à deux problèmes d'environnement qui sont parfois traités de façon totalement distincte,  mais fréquemment confondus comme s'il s'agissait d'un seul et même problème : il s'agit d'une part de l'ozone stratosphérique et du célèbre "trou d'ozone" et d'autre part de l'augmentation des gaz à effet de serre (GES) et du changement climatique qui en découle. Or il s'agit de deux problèmes très différents. On peut en première approximation traiter le problème du changement climatique sans inclure la stratosphère et le sort de l’ozone en ignorant le changement climatique. Mais cependant les problèmes ne sont pas totalement indépendants ; il existe entre eux de nombreuses interactions et nous en évoquerons quelques unes.

Effet de serre

Phénomène thermique bien connu sur les planètes comme la Terre et Vénus où l'atmosphère laisse passer une partie du rayonnement du Soleil qui vient frapper le sol. Réchauffé, celui-ci émet un rayonnement infrarouge qui est en partie ou totalement piégé par l'atmosphère rendue "imperméable" par la présence de gaz dont principalement la vapeur d'eau sur Terre, et le Co2 (sur Venus et à moindre degré sur Terre).
Il y a alors une isolation accrue de la planète et un réchauffement général de celle-ci. A noter que l'effet de serre existe aussi sur Mars bien que beaucoup plus faible

Troposphère

La troposphère est la partie de l'atmosphère terrestre située entre la surface de la Terre et une altitude de 8 à 15 kilomètres. Elle est plus épaisse à l'équateur qu'aux pôles. La frontière entre la troposphère et la stratosphère s'appelle la tropopause. Cette couche atmosphérique contient 85% de la masse totale de l'atmosphère... et l'air qu'on respire.

Stratosphère

La stratosphère est la couche de l'atmosphère terrestre qui se situe au-dessus de la troposphère (et donc de la tropopause), et qui s'étend jusqu'à la mésosphère, à 50 km d'altitude. La zone frontière entre la stratosphère et la mésosphère s'appelle la stratopause.

Mésosphère

Située entre 50 et environ 80 kilomètre d'altitude, la mésosphère se situe au-dessus de la stratosphère (elle-même au-dessus de la troposphère, en contact avec le sol).
Elle est séparée de la stratosphère par la stratopause et de la couche supérieure (la thermosphère par la mésopause.

Protocole de Kyoto

Le Protocole de Kyoto vise à lutter contre le changement climatique en réduisant les émissions de gaz carbonique.
Le Sommet de la Terre, à Rio en 1992, a marqué la prise de conscience internationale du risque de changement climatique. Les états les plus riches, pour lesquels une baisse de croissance ne semblait plus supportable et qui étaient en outre responsables des émissions les plus importantes, y avaient pris l'engagement de stabiliser en 2000 leurs émissions au niveau de 1990. C'est le Protocole de Kyoto, en 1997, qui traduisit en engagements quantitatifs juridiquement contraignants cette volonté.







 dont forget Hurricane Sandy




Hurricane Sandy was a hurricane that devastated portions of the Caribbean and the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States during late October 2012, with lesser impacts in the Southeastern and Midwestern states and Eastern Canada. Sandy, classified as the eighteenth named storm and tenth hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season, was a Category 2 storm at its peak intensity. While it was a Category 1 storm off the coast of the Northeastern United States, the storm became the largest Atlantic hurricane on record (as measured by diameter, with winds spanning 1,100 miles (1,800 km)).[4][5] Preliminary estimates of losses due to damage and business interruption are estimated at $65.6 billion (2012 USD), which would make it the second-costliest Atlantic hurricane, behind only Hurricane Katrina. At least 253 people were killed along the path of the storm in seven countries.[6






happy new year 2013

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happy new year 2013























































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2012/12/04


ليلة الحنة  
 تكن العروس تشرف على شراء جهازها وثيابها ،
اذ كان اهل العريس يذهبون إلى المدينة ويشترون ملابس العروس
وقبل يوم العرس تبعث تلك الثياب إلى بيت العروس
وفي تلك الليلة يحنون العروس ويضعون النقش على كفيها
وعلى قدميها وتذهب مجموعات من النساء والفتيات والأطفال
من أهل العريس ليحنون أيديهم وبعد وضع الحنة في اكف الأطفال
تربط بشدة بقطع من القماش حتى تصبغ أيديهم بلون الحنة الحمراء .
ليلة الحنة تتحنى الحمى و الكنة
عقبال ليلة الحنا تبعت المدام

الترات المغربي

خضاضة اللبن
معظم الفلاحين وملاك الأراضي كانوا يملكون قطعانا من الأغنام والخراف،
وكانوا يوكلون مهمة رعاية القطيع لراع يعمل لديهم طيلة العام
ويسمى راعي الدشارة،
وتبدأ النعاج في إعطاء حليبها في الربيع
وتنهمك الفلاحة في تحضير اللبن والجبن،
كما أنها تضع اللبن في "السعن" المصنوع من جلد الحيوان
وتبدأ في خضه للحصول على السمن والزبد
خض القربة تطلع زبدة

الترات المغربي

من زمان ما كان في حنفية زمية في البيت
كان النبع و العين و البير أبو دلو و حبل الليف
كانت الواردات يغدون في الصبح صفين حاملات الجرار
و أهازيج الصبايا عند العين
صورة جميلة و حكاية فلان حب فلانة عند العين
ما أحلى الصبيــة و هي حاملة الجرة